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We are very pleased to present here the newsletter of Electronics & Telecommunication Department. Within these pages you will find much news related to diverse activities from the whole Faculty members and students. You can see the contributions from Faculties and students. We hope everyone will find this newsletter exciting and interesting.
Editorial Committee
Electronics & Telecommunication
Content
Telecommunication Generations..............1
Solar Energy in Present Scenario..............4
Micro Projects...................................................7
Activities..............................................................9
Generations
0G:
Also known as Mobile radio telephone, are the systems that preceded modern cellular mobile telephony technology.
1G:
First generation of wireless telephone technology (mobile telecommunications). These are the analog telecommunications standards that were introduced in the 1980s and continued until being replaced by 2G digital telecommunications. The main difference between the two mobile telephone systems (1G and 2G), is that the radio signals used by 1G networks are analog, while 2G networks are digital.
Second Generation (2G):
2G introduced concepts such as TDMA and CDMA for allowing bi-directional communications among nodes in large networks. 2G is when some of the first cellular phones were made available, although communications were restricted to very low bit-rates. The second generation is frequently divided into sub-sets as well. "2.5G" represented a significant increase in throughput capacity as digital communications techniques became more refined. "2.75G" is another common pseudo-generation that saw an additional increase in speed and capacity among digital wireless networks.
Third Generation (3G):
3G is the current generation, and represents the combination of voice traffic with data traffic, and the advent of high bandwidth mobile devices such as PDAs and smart phones. Spectrum Band Freq. varies depending on the mobile technology standard adopted in the system. Current HSDPA deployments support down-link speeds of 1.8, 3.6, 7.2 and 14.0 megabit/s and the HSPA family with up-link speeds up to 5.76 Mbit/s.
Fourth Generation (4G):
The 4G generation, which is a theoretical future generation, will see the ubiquity of broadband data connections and universal Internet access. These networks, many of which are being designed around the WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) specification.
Next Generation (5G):
As 4G standards have completed in 2011 and networks are beginning to be deployed, the attention of the mobile research community is shifting towards what will be the next set of innovations in wireless communication technologies which we will refer to collectively as “5G” (5th Generation technologies). Given a historical 10-year cycle for every generation of cellular advancement, it is expected that networks with 5G technologies will be deployed around 2020. While 4G standards were designed to meet requirements issued by the International Telecommunications Union-Radio (ITU-R), no definition for what comes beyond 4G is available yet. The most salient requirement for 4G standards has been peak service rates of 100 Mbit/s for high mobility users and 1 Gbit/s for low mobility users. Experts vary in opinion whether the next generation of cellular networks will continue to enhance peak service rates further, or move to newer metrics such as area spectral efficiency or energy efficiency, or even dene new metrics around service quality and user experience.
Solar Energy in Present Scenario
Renewable Energy projects are cleaner energy generation options in comparison to other technologies. The zero dependence on fossil fuels makes it a preferred choice in comparison to non-renewable energy options.
Expected PV capacity by 2050
• China - 1,731 GW
• India - 600 GW
• US- 600 GW
• Japan - 350 GW
• Germany - 110 GW
Everything which is manufactured generates waste, even photo- voltaic (PV). PV panels are very durable, with few mechanical parts, so their life time is about 20 years or more. But as the PV industry is growing rapidly there will be increase in PV waste in the next 20-30 years in the world. This issue can be overcome if end of life management of the solar cells is done. End-of-life management could become a significant component of the PV value chain. Recycling PV panels at their end-of-life can unlock a large stock of raw materials and other valuable components. The recovered material injected back into the economy can serve for the production of new PV panels or be sold into global commodity markets, thus increasing the security of future raw material supply.
Solar Campus
10kw Solar System is installed in our Campus. we are running around 40% of Institute's electrical appliances on Solar. it provides 24*7 power supply. 1700AH battery bank is installed for backup at Night or at the time of Heavy Rain.
List of Solar connected Rooms
Labs:
1. ET Lab1
2. ET Lab2
3. Physics Lab
Classrooms:
1. Room No. 106
2. Room No. 102
3. Physics Hall
Cabins:
1. Principal
2. Er. A. K. Maravi
3. Er. S. S. Yadav/Er. Y .K. Parte/Ar. M. K. Shankhwar
4. Mr. A. K. Kori
Other:
1. Office
2. Exam Section
3. Store Room
4. Corridors (Partial-Around 30% Corridors)
5. Street Lights of Campus
6. Gourd Room
Off-Grid Solar System:
Off-grid systems work independently of the grid but have batteries which can store the solar power generated by the system. The system usually consists of solar panels, battery, charge controller, grid box, inverter, mounting structure and balance of systems. The panels store enough sunlight during the day and use the excess power generated in the night. These systems are self-sustaining and can provide power for critical loads in areas where a power grid is not available. However, these systems require specialized equipment to function and can be costly to install. These are ideal for businesses which can sustain for a short period of time with no electricity.
Applications:
Electricity supply in rural and remote areas - Off-grid solar systems can facilitate independent, long-term and sustainable electricity generation in rural and remote areas. Power back up in areas with frequent electricity cuts - A number of places in India face frequent power cuts due to power transmission malfunctions, which can hamper operations of companies and public institutions. Off-grid solar systems can provide an economical and viable long-term backup solution to overcome the problems occurring during frequent power cuts.
Advantages:
Advantages of Solar System are-
· These self-sustainable systems can work independently and do not rely on the grid.
· They generate enough power that can be stored and used at night or when the power grid is down.
· These are ideal for remote areas where there is no power access from the grid.
· Grid failures and shutdowns will not affect your power supply.
UTL Solar Panel:
UTL solar panels are the latest technology and most innovative solar panels. A solar photo-voltaic panel is a composition of solar photo-voltaic cells, well arranged together in an aluminium frame and covered with high quality glass.
Installation Guidelines:
The installation of Solar Power System involves the following major steps:
Civil Foundation Job
Assembly and fixing of support structure.
Mounting of Solar Modules on the Support Structure.
Installation of Battery Bank.
Interconnection of SPV panel in series & parallel configuration, Charge Control Unit and FJB
Connection of Battery Bank and Load
Earthing of Lightning Protection Unit.
Damaged Solar Panels
New industries arising from global PV recycling can yield employment opportunities in the public and private sectors. PV waste management systems could generate additional employment, especially in the repair/reuse and recycling/treatment industries To prevent eco-health problems from offsetting the benefits currently offered by the PV industry there is a need of improvement and more transparency in research, the adoption of specific and stricter regulations, the implementation of preventive risk management of occupational health and safety and greater responsiveness towards PV systems from their design until their end of life.
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication
